Prevalence of Arterial Hypertension Among Young People and Its Risk Factors

Abstract

Arterial hypertension is one of the most important chronic diseases, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and impaired renal function. In recent years, elevated blood pressure has become a pressing medical problem not only among older people but also among young adults. To analyse current evidence on the prevalence of arterial hypertension among young people and the main risk factors contributing to its development. A narrative (analytical) review of international clinical guidelines (WHO, ESC 2024, ESC/ESH 2018, ACC/AHA 2017), systematic reviews, pooled population-based analyses and mechanistic studies published between 2011 and 2025 was performed; 16 sources formed the evidence base. Data were synthesised thematically. The number of adults with hypertension worldwide has approximately doubled since 1990 and reached an estimated 1.4 billion people aged 30–79 years in 2024, of whom fewer than one in five have their blood pressure controlled. Young adults (18–40 years) represent a growing at-risk group in whom hypertension is frequently asymptomatic and undiagnosed. The main risk factors identified in this group are overweight and obesity, insufficient physical activity, a diet high in salt, tobacco use, harmful alcohol consumption, a family history of hypertension and an unhealthy lifestyle; metabolic factors such as dyslipidaemia, central obesity and diabetes mellitus are also associated with elevated blood pressure. Diagnostic thresholds differ between guidelines (≥130/80 mmHg in ACC/AHA 2017 versus ≥140/90 mmHg in WHO and ESC), which substantially influences prevalence estimates in young people. Most risk factors for hypertension in young adults are modifiable. Regular blood pressure measurement, assessment of body weight and dietary habits, and targeted health-promotion programmes in educational institutions are key measures for the early detection and primary prevention of hypertension in this population.